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Phase changes

When a substance melts or vaporizes, its temperature stays constant while all the heat added goes into breaking bonds between the molecules. The heat needed is called the heat of fusion or vaporization and is often much larger than the heat needed for an ordinary temperature change.

Q=mLQ = mLheat for a phase change

Symbols

QQheatJ
LLheat of fusion or vaporizationJ/kg
mmmasskg

Example

To melt 0.50.5 kg of ice (L=334L = 334 kJ/kg) requires Q=0.5⋅334=167Q = 0.5\cdot 334 = 167 kJ – the melting itself, with no temperature change.

Use Q=mcΔTQ = mc\Delta T for a temperature change and Q=mLQ = mL for a phase change – never both for the same step.
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Part of Foundations of Physics: Pressure, density and heat.